A tear of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the elbow, known as a Tommy John injury, is common in baseball pitchers and overhead athletes, often requiring surgical reconstruction to return to throwing. Symptoms can develop gradually or after a specific injury, so early evaluation matters when function starts to decline.
Treatment depends on the size of the tear and what you need the elbow to do. Partial tears often recover with rest from throwing, physical therapy, and a gradual return-to-throwing program; PRP injections are an option in select cases. Complete tears in athletes who want to return to throwing usually need surgery, either a repair or a reconstruction (Tommy John surgery).
Below, we walk through the anatomy involved, the symptoms and causes we most often see, how we diagnose a UCL tear, and the full range of treatment options, from the simplest to the most involved.